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14: European states in the inter-war years (1918–1939)

This section deals with the domestic developments in Italy, Germany and Spain in the inter-war years. In addition, it is possible to study the domestic developments of one other European country: this gives scope to do a study of the country in which your school is situated, or to provide overlap with, for instance, the Soviet Union which you may be covering for another paper.

Specifically, students need to cover the following:

  • Weimar Germany: the initial crises of the years 1918 - 23, the Golden era of Stresemann and then the rise of Hitler after 1929
  • Hitler's Germany: his consolidation of power 1933 - 34, his economic, social and policies, the nature and organisation of the Nazi state and the extent of resistance to the Nazis
  • Italy: reasons for the rise of Mussolini, his consolidation of power, social, political and economic policies. The nature of the fascist state
  • Spain: political developments from 1918 leading to the outbreak of civil war in 1936. Foreign involvement in the war and the reasons for Franco's victory
  • One case study of another European country
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